Somatic adaptation and sex differences in human endocrine development and disease (360G-Wellcome-209328_Z_17_Z)

Our work focusses on new genetic mechanisms affecting human adrenal and reproductive function. We have recently described a multisystem growth restriction disorder caused by gain-of-function of SAMD9, where somatic adaptation can modify phenotype and mask detection of the genotype. In parallel, we developed a transcriptomic atlas of human adrenal and gonad development, mapping out sex-specific effects of organogenesis. We now plan to develop these insights to address several related fundamental questions: 1) How extensive is SAMD9 variability in endocrine and growth phenotypes and does dynamic somatic adaptation play a wider role in human disease mechanisms; 2) What are the dynamic roles of sex chromosomes and sex hormones in development (focussing on brain, adrenal gland and genital tubercle), and how does genetic variability of the X-chromosome contribute to phenotype in Turner syndrome (45,X); 3) Can we apply these concepts to discover new genetic mechanisms underlying adrenal and reproductive disorders. This work would provide novel disease models and approaches to analysis, could link the dynamics of development and sex-differences to common conditions (e.g. neurodevelopment, stress, early-onset hypertension), and would continue to elucidate the causes of human adrenal and reproductive disorders, with important implications for personalised management and development of new therapies.